Arba: Jurnal Studi Keislaman p-ISSN: 3090-9260 | e-ISSN: 3090-6547 is a scientific journal that presents in-depth, current, and critical studies in the field of Islam with a multidisciplinary approach. This journal is an academic space for researchers, lecturers, students, and practitioners to develop Islamic scientific discourse that is contextual and relevant to the dynamics of modern society. The main focus of this journal includes the study of the Qur'an and Hadith, Islamic thought, Islamic education, Islamic history, Islamic law, Islamic philosophy, Islamic creed, Islamic economics, as well as contemporary issues in the Islamic world, both in the local, national, and global scope. Published periodically by the Yayasan Albahriah Jamiah Indonesia, Arba is committed to high scientific standards with a strict peer-review system and the use of ethical tools for scientific publication. In addition, this journal is also open to interdisciplinary collaboration to enrich the perspective of integrative Islamic studies. With original and contributory content, Arba: Jurnal Studi Keislaman is expected to become a trusted academic reference and contribute to the development of inclusive and transformative Islamic science.
Representation of Women in Sufism Literature: A Comparative Study of the Thought of Rabī'ah al-'Adawiyah and Sa'diyya Shaikh
The study of Sufism in the Islamic tradition is often dominated by an androcentric perspective that places women’s spiritual experiences as peripheral and subordinate, thus obscuring women’s position as autonomous religious subjects. The lack of comparative studies across periods that dialogue classical female Sufi figures with contemporary feminist Sufi thinkers indicates a significant research gap in the study of Sufism and gender. This study aims to comparatively analyze the representation of women in Sufism through the figure of Rabīʻah al-ʻAdawiyah and the Sufi-feminist thought of Sa’diyya Shaikh, and formulate its theoretical implications for the development of a gender-just Sufi epistemology. The study employs qualitative methods with a comparative-hermeneutical approach, utilizing textual analysis of primary and secondary sources, including classical Sufi hagiography, Sufi works, and contemporary writings by Sa’diyya Shaikh, within a critical and feminist hermeneutic framework. The results of the study show that Rabīʻah al-ʻAdawiyah represents women as independent spiritual subjects through the concept of maḥabbah Ilāhiyyah, which rejects transactional relations between humans and God and transcends gender categories and social hierarchies. Meanwhile, Sa’diyya Shaikh reconstructs Sufism as a space of liberating ethics through the hermeneutics of spiritual justice, by emphasizing the egalitarian relationship between God and humans as the basis for gender equality. A comparative analysis reveals the continuity of spiritual values, as well as differences in epistemic strategies, in responding to patriarchal structures across various historical contexts. This study concludes that the synthesis of both thoughts offers an inclusive Sufism paradigm that emphasizes women’s contributions in the formation of Islamic spiritual epistemology and broadens the horizon of contemporary Sufism studies that are gender-just.
Rabī'ah al-'Adawiyah; Sa'diyya Shaikh; Sufism; Feminist Hermeneutics; Spiritual Justice
Copyright (c) 2026 Galang Prayoga, Ginanjar Fernando, Ahmad Sardana, Mujiburrahman Mujiburrahman, Raja Mahendra Nagari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hadith and Women’s Voices: A Critical Analysis of Amina Wadud’s Methodology in Interpreting Gender Bias
The study of hadith in the classical tradition often reflects interpretive patterns shaped by patriarchal constructions, thus marginalizing women’s experiences and voices from religious authority. The lack of methodological studies on the application of Amina Wadud’s feminist hermeneutics to a corpus of hadith considered gender-biased indicates a significant academic gap that needs to be addressed to achieve a more just and inclusive discourse on interpretation. This study aims to describe Wadud’s methodological steps in reading hadith; evaluate her strengths and limitations in interpreting gender-problematic texts; and examine their theoretical and practical implications for the development of hadith studies from a gender-justice perspective. The research method employed is qualitative with a critical-hermeneutical analysis approach, through reading gender-problematic hadith. The results show that Wadud positions gender bias as a historical construct born of patriarchal culture during the period of hadith transmission. She emphasizes the distinction between universal normative texts and culturally contextual interpretations. Using the ethical hermeneutic strategy of the Quran, Wadud reinterprets hadiths on leadership and witnessing, emphasizing egalitarian principles that reject the subordination of women. This approach demonstrates the potential for a more participatory and responsive reinterpretation of the text in the pursuit of gender justice. However, its limitations lie in the potential for interpreter subjectivity and resistance from traditionalists. In conclusion, Wadud’s methodology makes a significant contribution to the development of more contextual, critical, and ethical gender-based interpretations of hadith.
Hadith; Gender Bias; Feminist Hermeneutics; Amina Wadud; Inclusive Interpretation
Copyright (c) 2026 Sahid Hadi Kusuma, Khairuddin Akhyar, Ahmad Multazam, Muh Imran, Sawaluddin Jamardi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Intersectional Feminism in Islam: An Analysis of Leila Ahmed’s Thoughts on Colonialism, Gender, and Religion
The dominance of Western feminist discourse often positions Muslim women as symbols of cultural and religious backwardness, a construct reinforced by colonial narratives and still influencing contemporary representations of Muslim women. Although various studies have examined Islamic feminism, intersectional analyses of Leila Ahmed’s thought, which integrally links colonialism, gender, and religion, are still limited. This study aims to specifically examine how Ahmed dismantles the instrumentalization of women’s issues by colonial powers, distinguishes normative Islamic teachings from patriarchal practices, and formulates her contribution to the development of contemporary Islamic feminism. The method employed is a qualitative approach, utilizing a critical discourse analysis model by Norman Fairclough, which encompasses three main dimensions: text analysis, discourse practice, and social practice. The results of the study show three main findings: first, Ahmed uncovers colonial strategies that instrumentalize women’s issues to strengthen political and cultural domination; second, Ahmed asserts that the oppression of Muslim women stems more from patriarchal social constructions than from Islamic teachings themselves; third, Ahmed offers a reinterpretation of tradition as a dynamic arena for women to build spiritual and intellectual authority. In conclusion, Ahmed’s thinking presents a critical framework that enriches contemporary Islamic feminism by emphasizing the importance of an intersectional approach in reading the power relations between colonialism, gender, and religion, while also opening up space for further research on women’s interpretive practices in postcolonial contexts.
Intersectional Feminism; Leila Ahmed; Colonialism; Gender; Women
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Kamal Sungkar, Sohibul Aslam, Latifah Islami, Nur Armaini Fadilah, Annisa Munawwarah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Deconstructing Patriarchy in Islam: An Analysis of Asma Barlas’ Unreading Concept of the Patriarchal Interpretation of the Quran
The dominance of patriarchal interpretation in the treasury of Quranic interpretation has historically shaped hierarchical gender relations and has had direct implications for the legitimacy of social inequality between men and women. Although studies on Islamic feminism and Asma Barlas’s thoughts have developed, most research remains descriptive. It has not yet positioned the concept of unreading as a systematic epistemological critique of the objectivity claims of patriarchal interpretation. This article critically analyzes Asma Barlas’s concept of unreading as a strategy for deconstructing patriarchal interpretations. It evaluates its implications for the renewal of a gender-just methodology in the interpretation of the Quran. This research employs a qualitative method based on literature studies, utilizing a critical hermeneutic approach and epistemological discourse analysis. It involves an in-depth review of Asma Barlas’s primary works and a comparative analysis of classical and modern interpretations of key verses related to gender relations. The results of the study indicate that patriarchy in interpretation is built through three main patterns: first, a literalistic reading that affirms male superiority and removes the ethical context of the Quran; second, the limitation of women’s roles in the public sphere through the naturalization of biological differences into normative hierarchies; and third, the reproduction of masculine religious authority that forecloses the possibility of a plurality of meanings. Barlas’s concept of unreading serves as an epistemological critique that rejects the neutrality of such interpretations by affirming monotheism, justice, and equality as the normative hermeneutic principles of the Quran. In conclusion, the unreading approach not only destabilizes the hegemony of patriarchal interpretations but also provides an alternative methodological framework that significantly contributes to the development of a more egalitarian and inclusive Quranic interpretation in contemporary Islamic studies.
Patriarchal Interpretation; Asma Barlas; Unreading; Deconstruction; Gender Equality
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Tafkir, Zumardin Hidayat, Mohd Anas bin Ayob https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
From Maryam to Musawah: The Evolution of Muslim Feminist Thought in Advocating Family Rights and Equality in Islamic Law
The study of Muslim feminism emerged as a response to gender injustice in Islamic family law practices that still place women in a subordinate position, necessitating Islamic-based reforms aligned with contemporary principles of justice. The research gap lies in the lack of historical-transformative studies that systematically trace the shift in thought from early critiques of modernity to the formation of global advocacy networks that influence transnational family law policies. This study aims to identify the phases of Muslim feminist thought’s evolution, analyze hermeneutical shifts in the interpretation of religious texts, and evaluate the contributions of organizations such as Sisters in Islam and Musawah to the integration of equality values into family law reform. Using a qualitative method grounded in a critical literature review, this study examines the primary works of Muslim feminist figures, institutional advocacy documents, and academic literature from 1970 to 2025, employing thematic coding to identify patterns of thought transformation and advocacy strategies. The results of the study show three main findings: first, the initial critical phase that emphasized religious identity and resistance to Western modernity; second, the phase of constructing Islamic feminist theology through contextual reinterpretation of gender verses that prioritize egalitarian principles, human rights, and maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah; third, the phase of institutionalization of the movement characterized by the formation of advocacy networks, strategic litigation, increased family law literacy, and involvement in national and transnational policy recommendations. The conclusion confirms that the evolution of Muslim feminism has successfully bridged the gap between the theory and practice of legal reform, yielding increasingly tangible impacts. However, it still faces variations in acceptance across different country contexts and limitations in access to grassroots advocacy.
Maryam Jameelah; Islamic Feminism; Musawah; Family Law; Sisters in Islam
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Munirah, Norhayatun Norhayatun, Abdillah Muhamad Hasan, Wan Hosein Mahfodz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Ibn Khaldūn’s ʻAṣabiyyah Theory as an Analytical Framework in Contemporary Global Historical Historiography
Global historiography continues to evolve toward a more integrated reading of world history, although some interpretive frameworks remain dominated by Western historiographic perspectives, and the relationship among social cohesion, the formation of power, and the transformation of civilizations across regions has yet to receive an adequate conceptual explanation. Studies on the theory of ʻAṣabiyyah generally focus on Islamic history or regional political dynamics, while its use as an analytical tool in global historiography is still limited. This study aims to reconstruct Ibn Khaldūn’s ʻAṣabiyyah theory as an analytical framework for explaining the relationship among collective solidarity, political legitimacy, power expansion, and civilizational change in global historiography. This study uses a qualitative approach based on literature studies through historiographical analysis, conceptual analysis, and critical interpretation of the Muqaddimah as a primary source and recent academic literature as a secondary source. The analysis yields a conceptual reconstruction that positions ʻAṣabiyyah as a historical mechanism linking social cohesion, the consolidation of political authority, the capacity for collective mobilization, the expansion of power, the process of institutionalization, the decline of solidarity, and the cycle of civilizational transformation across regions and historical contexts. This reconstruction demonstrates the ability of Ibn Khaldūn’s theory to explain historical dynamics through the integrated interaction of social and political factors, and expands the function of ʻAṣabiyyah from a historical concept to an interpretive instrument in global historiography. The findings of this study enrich the conceptual framework of global historiography by integrating the Islamic intellectual tradition as a systematic and relevant analytical perspective, broadening the horizons of world historical explanation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eun Kyeong Yun, Daniel Ross, Leonid Issaev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Transnationalism of Nusantara ʻUlamāʻ Scholarly Knowledge: Intellectual Networks and the Circulation of Islamic Knowledge in Global History of the 18th–20th Centuries
Studies on the Jawi ʻulamāʻ network have developed extensively, although some strands of global Islamic historiography still treat the Nusantara archipelago as a peripheral space in the formation and circulation of Islamic knowledge. The limitations of previous studies are evident in the minimal explanation of the position of Nusantara ʻulamāʻ as interregional liaisons and their role in shaping the flow of knowledge across Islamic regions from the 18th to the early 20th centuries. This study aims to reconstruct the structure of the Nusantara ʻulamāʻ intellectual network and explain the mechanisms of Islamic knowledge circulation that connect the Malay world with centers of Islamic scholarship. This study uses qualitative methods and a transnational intellectual history approach, employing an intellectual network analysis of ʻulamāʻ works, scientific chains of transmission, intellectual biographies, and global Islamic historical literature. The results show a multidirectional network pattern, characterized by the mobility of ʻulamāʻ to Mecca, Medina, Cairo, and Hadramawt, as well as the formation of scholarly communities that bring together actors from various regions. The scientific chains of transmission function as an instrument of legitimacy, a medium of intellectual integration, and a means of distributing religious authority. The production of books, sharḥ, ḥashiyah, and treatises demonstrates the involvement of Nusantara ʻulamāʻ in the reproduction, adaptation, and development of Islamic discourse. The development of printing and educational networks accelerated the circulation of ideas across the Malay world and other Islamic regions. These findings demonstrate the position of Nusantara ʻulamāʻ as active nodes in the global network of Islamic knowledge, thus requiring a reading that positions Nusantara as a center for the articulation and transmission of knowledge across regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ananda Bagus Pradita, Ahyaul Ahnafia Sholeha, Muhammad Noor Sulaiman Syah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Islamophobia and the Construction of Global Historiography:A Critical Analysis of the Representation of Islamic History in International Discourse
The rise in Islamophobic incidents following 21st-century geopolitical events has sparked debate about the representation of Islamic history in global historiography. Several studies have highlighted the dominance of conflict-oriented interpretive frameworks, but the relationship between Islamophobia, historical source selection, and the formation of global narratives has rarely been systematically examined. This study aims to identify patterns of representation of Islamic history, explain the mechanisms of historiographic construction, and examine the epistemological implications of Islamophobia in international historical literature. This literature review employs a qualitative approach, drawing on critical historiography and critical discourse analysis. The research corpus includes historiographic works published between 2001 and 2025, selected based on thematic relevance, citation influence, and a focus on global Islamic history. The analysis was conducted in the following stages: narrative classification, terminology identification, argumentation pattern tracing, dominant theme mapping, and epistemological framework interpretation. The results reveal three main tendencies: the dominance of narratives of conflict and Islamic political expansion; the marginalization of the intellectual, scientific, economic, and institutional contributions of the Islamic world; and the use of terminology that associates Islam with security threats and the clash of civilizations. The analysis also uncovered source selection practices that focused on Euro-Atlantic perspectives, neglected transregional networks of knowledge transmission, and limited use of Islamic primary sources. These patterns of representation reinforce the reproduction of stereotypes and narrow understanding of the complex history of Islamic civilization. These findings indicate the significant role of historiographical construction in shaping global perceptions of Islamic history and underscore the urgency of a reflexive, multi-perspective, and decolonial approach in contemporary historiographical studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Halimi Najeeb Alkhawlani, Aljohani Mousa Qashqary, Mohamed Ibrahim Rejab, Abdelrazek Hasan bin Zawawi, Daniel Jou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Islamic History as a Global Network: A Network Analysis Approach in Contemporary Islamic Historiography
Islamic historiography is generally structured through territorial, dynastic, and chronological frameworks, resulting in a fragmented understanding of the cross-regional relations that shaped the development of the Islamic world. This tendency leaves gaps in our understanding of the relationships among intellectual centers, economic networks, and social mobility on a transregional scale. This article aims to analyze patterns of global connectivity in Islamic history using a network analysis approach to reconstruct relationships among scholars, scientific institutions, trade routes, and Muslim communities across regions. This research uses a qualitative-historical method based on library studies, analyzing Islamic historiographic literature, historical sources, biographies of scholars, travelogues, and trade studies in Eurasia and the Indian Ocean. A network analysis framework is used to map the nodes, relationships, and connectivity flows that shape the historical structure of the Islamic world. The results of the study reveal a layered network pattern connecting centers of knowledge in the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa through scholarly travel, scholarly transmission chains, and intellectual correspondence. The scholarly network serves as a mechanism for knowledge transmission, fostering epistemic integration across regions. At the same time, trade networks formed corridors of economic, cultural, and religious interaction that accelerated the circulation of ideas, commodities, and Muslim identities. The mobility of migrants, diasporas, and students strengthened the position of various cities as strategic nodes in the global Islamic network. These findings affirm Islamic history as a relational system shaped by transregional connectivity and enrich contemporary Islamic historiography with a more integrative, global-network perspective.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim Badhusha Parakkallil, Hafiz Aamir Ali, Muhammet Aslanoğlu, Serkan Rasit Kivrak, Keziban Mursel Cakir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Rewriting the Islamic History of the Indian Ocean: A Post-Oriental Critique of Orientalist Historiography
Orientalist historiography has long shaped understandings of Islamic history in the Indian Ocean region through a diffusionist paradigm that positions the Middle East as the epicenter of the spread of Islam and coastal communities in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Africa as passive recipients of external influences. Despite the development of global history and connected histories, several classical orientalist narratives still influence interpretations of the Islamization process in the region. This article aims to analyze the epistemological biases in orientalist historiography on Indian Ocean Islam and to reconstruct alternative understandings of the Islamization process, scholarly networks, and socio-religious mobility through a post-orientalist perspective. This research employs qualitative methods grounded in critical historiography, analyzing classical orientalist works and contemporary studies on maritime Islamic history through discourse analysis and epistemological critique. The results show that orientalist historiography tends to reproduce Eurocentric assumptions and a center-periphery model that simplifies the complexity of Islamic history in the Indian Ocean region. Islamization took place through transregional networks connecting major ports, the mobility of scholars, traders, and diaspora communities who played active roles in the exchange of ideas, religious practices, and intellectual authority. Interregional interactions have led to processes of adaptation, negotiation, and cultural hybridization that shape local Islamic traditions, all of which are by global networks. The Indian Ocean represents a multipolar and dialogical space of Islamic connectivity, while also offering a historiographical reconstruction that positions regional actors as central elements in the formation of maritime Islamic history.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zubair Zafar Khan, Syed Abdul Fazili, Shahla Manzoor Baba, Sameer Shafi Siddiqi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Reconstructing Islamic Historiography Post-Orientalism: A New Paradigm for Historical Knowledge Production in Global Islamic Studies
The dominance of the orientalist paradigm in modern Islamic historiography has resulted in the construction of historical knowledge that tends to position Muslim societies as objects of representation through an external epistemological framework. Although post-orientalist critique has developed widely, studies that systematically explain the epistemological and methodological transformations of Islamic historiography within global knowledge production remain relatively limited. This study aims to analyze the process of reconstructing Islamic historiography post-orientalism and to formulate the characteristics of a new paradigm for the production of historical knowledge in global Islamic studies. The study uses a qualitative approach based on literature studies employing critical historiographical methods and epistemological analysis of the works of orientalists, postcolonial thinkers, and contemporary Islamic historiography, purposively selected for their relevance to the issue of historical knowledge production. The results show that the reconstruction of Islamic historiography proceeds through three main transformations. First, the deconstruction of essentialist, ahistorical, and Eurocentric assumptions that have shaped the narrative of Islamic history. Second, a methodological shift toward an interdisciplinary approach that integrates history, anthropology, sociology, area studies, and network analysis to explain the complexity of Muslim historical experiences. Third, the emergence of transnational historiography positions the Islamic world as a global space of interaction through the circulation of ideas, intellectual mobility, cultural exchange, and cross-regional political relations. This transformation has resulted in a historiographic paradigm that is more pluralistic, contextual, multi-perspective, and reflective of the diversity of sources and historical actors. In conclusion, post-orientalist Islamic historiography offers a new epistemological framework that strengthens the decolonization of knowledge and the development of a more inclusive global study of Islam.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Al-Shuqairat, Abd Al-Razzak Mahmoud Al-Maani, Mohanad Nayef Aldajah, Shamshadin Kerim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Thematic Analysis of Men’s Roles in Gender Justice According to the Quran: Domestic and Public Perspectives
Gender justice studies in Quranic studies tend to focus on women as the parties affected by inequality. In contrast, the normative construction of men as active subjects forming just relations has not been systematically studied within a comprehensive thematic framework. This gap has implications for the limited conceptual formulation of gender responsibility from a Quranic perspective. This study aims to formulate a normative-analytical framework on the role of men in gender justice in the domestic and public spheres through a critical thematic reinterpretation of the Quranic text. This research is a literature study with a thematic interpretation approach (mawḍūʻī) based on critical gender analysis, using verse selection criteria related to leadership, family responsibilities, social relations, and moral accountability, and referring to classical and contemporary interpretations for comparative analysis and conceptual synthesis. The results of the study show four integrative dimensions: first, the principle of moral responsibility as an ontological foundation that positions men as ethical agents bound by the mandate of justice; second, domestic relational justice that emphasizes partnership, protection, and respect based on mutuality, not hierarchical superiority; third, public social accountability that constructs leadership as an ethical-transformative function for the collective good; fourth, domestic-public integration as a coherent model of gender responsibility that rejects role dichotomy. These findings broaden the discourse on gender interpretation by shifting the focus from the victim narrative to the construction of men’s normative responsibility, and they provide a conceptual foundation for developing equality policies and practices grounded in Quranic values.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Tohir Salam, Rika Amelia Nasution, Ahmad Dairobi Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Women’s Stories in the Quran as Models of Social Agency and Gender Justice
The stories of women in the Quran are often interpreted through a patriarchal framework that positions women as didactic objects. At the same time, the dimension of their social agency has received less systematic attention in exegetical studies. Although gender discourse in Islamic studies is developing rapidly, there is little research that thematically and narratively examines how the structure of the Quranic story itself represents women as autonomous subjects while also articulating the principle of gender justice inherently. This study specifically analyses the representation of social agency in the stories of Mary, the mother of Moses; the Queen of Sheba; and the wife of Pharaoh, and identifies their relationship to the construction of gender justice in the Quranic narrative. This study uses a qualitative approach, employing thematic interpretation of related verses, followed by narrative-contextual analysis to map patterns of decision-making, configurations of power relations, and articulations of moral responsibility, and engaging in critical dialogue with selected classical and contemporary commentaries based on their influence and representativeness. The results of the study show three main findings: first, the Quranic narrative consistently presents women as moral agents who make strategic decisions in crises; second, the stories demonstrate women’s social interventions in domestic and public spaces that have had historical impact; third, their narrative structures affirm the equality of ethical responsibility and rational capacity between men and women. These findings confirm that gender agency and justice are intrinsic dimensions of Quranic narratives and have implications for reconstructing an interpretive methodology that is more responsive to a gender justice perspective.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yaghoob Mokhtarzadeh, Sina Ghadimi Malladi, Hanan Archi Zaenah, Kaveh Börner, Seid Anne Sharan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Is the Distribution of Inheritance in the Quran Final? An Epistemological Analysis of the Concept of Gender Justice in Fiqh Mawārīth
The debate regarding the finality of inheritance distribution in the Quran has emerged in contemporary Islamic jurisprudence discourse, particularly when confronted with demands for gender justice. Although inheritance verses are often understood as qatʻī (definite) provisions, few studies have systematically distinguished between the text’s normative finality and the epistemological dynamics of Islamic jurisprudence as a product of ijtihād. This study aims to analyze the epistemological status of inheritance verses by examining the concept of qatʻiyyat al-Dalālah (definite naṣṣ) in uṣūl al-Fiqh and evaluating the construction of gender justice in classical and contemporary mawārīṡ fiqh arguments. This study is qualitative with an epistemological-critical approach, using conceptual analysis and argumentative criticism of the istidlāl structure in uṣūl al-Fiqh literature and works of Islamic jurisprudence across schools of thought, as well as critical dialogue with current academic discourse on gender. The results of this study indicate that the finality of the inheritance verses lies in the normative authority of the text as a primary source, not in the overall construction of distribution built through the process of ijtihād. Analysis of the categories of qatʻī and ẓannī (presumption) indicates the existence of interpretive space in the rationalization of ʻillah, the determination of social context, and the formulation of distributive justice. Within this framework, gender justice is formulated as an internal epistemic principle that tests the coherence, consistency, and relevance of legal arguments without negating the authority of revelation. These findings offer a model of epistemological distinction between text and fiqh and emphasize the openness of the development of fiqh mawārīth methodologically and reflectively within the framework of Islamic legal epistemology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdelhadi Oussama, Majeed Elhassaneen, Emad Abbas Saeed, Ahmed Kathem Nasser, Hashim Manal Elsawy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Women’s Leadership in the Quran: A Critical Analysis of Contemporary Muslim Interpretation and Social Practice
The debate over women’s leadership in Muslim societies reveals a tension between the normative character of the Quran, the interpretive constructions developed in a patriarchal social context, and the increasingly inclusive contemporary Muslim social practices. Previous studies have tended to separate textual analysis, interpretation, and social practices, thereby underexamining the normative-interpretive relationship among the three. This study aims to critically analyze the concept of women’s leadership in the Quran, its interpretive constructions in classical and contemporary commentaries, and the dynamics of its acceptance and negotiation in modern Muslim social practices. The study uses a qualitative approach based on a literature review, with a thematic-critical interpretive framework and a gender analysis perspective, drawing on leadership versus representative interpretive works across periods and contemporary socio-religious literature. The results show that the Quran does not establish leadership based on gender determination, but rather emphasizes the principles of competence, trustworthiness, justice, and moral responsibility as the normative foundations of leadership. The limitations on women’s leadership that emerge in some classical interpretations are primarily influenced by the epistemological framework, the structure of scholarly authority, and the patriarchal socio-historical context of the time of their interpretation. Contemporary interpretations, meanwhile, tend to reinterpret the verses on leadership with a contextual and ethical-universal approach. In contemporary Muslim social practice, the authority of interpretation is not a hegemonic one, but is negotiated through religious reinterpretation, public policy, and women’s participation in socio-political institutions. These findings confirm that the discourse on women’s leadership in Islam is dynamic and opens up a space for normative legitimacy for capacity-based leadership practices and social justice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eka Ayu Sandi Pratiwi, Azilah Othman, Reni Hermila Daulay, Dinda Sahara, Zetty Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Gender-Based Violence in Muslim Families: A Quranic Analysis of Power Relations and Victim Protection
This article begins with the gap between the normative construction of the Quran, which emphasizes justice, reciprocity, and moral responsibility in family relations, and the empirical reality of persistent gender-based violence in Muslim families. This gap is exacerbated by the tendency of reading religious texts to place power relations hierarchically, thereby normalizing gender inequality and weakening the position of victims. This study aims specifically to analyze the concept of power relations in the family according to the Quran and to identify the ethical principles of the Quran that serve as a normative basis for protecting victims of gender-based violence. The study uses a qualitative method based on a literature review, with a thematic-critical interpretation and contextual analysis, examining key verses on family leadership, husband-wife relations, trust, justice, and the protection of vulnerable parties through the ethical framework of the Quran, with a focus on maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah and human dignity. The results of this study indicate, first, that the concept of qiwāmah and family authority in the Quran is strictly limited by the principles of justice, non-exploitation, and moral responsibility, rather than by the legitimacy of domination. Second, the Quran normatively rejects all forms of violence by positioning power relations as an ethical mandate that must safeguard the safety, honor, and rights of the more vulnerable. Third, gender-based violence is a distortion of the Quran’s normative purpose and arises from a textual-hierarchical reading that ignores the context and ethical orientation of the verses. In conclusion, the Quran provides a firm ethical-theological framework for rejecting the normalization of violence and siding with victims, with important implications for the development of gender-sensitive and integrative Quranic interpretations in responding to the problem of contemporary family violence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasan Basmaci, Necati Koca, Irem Yilmez, Ahmed Olgun, Aytan Eynizada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Gender Bias in Quranic Interpretation: An Epistemological Analysis of the Role of Interpreters and Social Structure
Studies of Quranic interpretation have often reproduced hierarchical and androcentric interpretations of gender relations, particularly in the classical and some modern traditions, without adequate analysis of the epistemological framework, the interpreter’s subject position, and the social structures surrounding the production of meaning. This gap demonstrates the limitations of the textual-normative approach, which tends to ignore the epistemological dimension of knowledge and power relations in the interpretive process. This study aims to critically analyze the sources, mechanisms, and patterns of gender bias in Quranic interpretation by examining the relationship among the epistemology of interpretation, the interpreter’s subjectivity as an epistemic subject, and the patriarchal social structures that influence interpretive practices. This study uses a qualitative method grounded in literature reviews of representative feminist works, employing an epistemological-critical analysis to examine the assumptions underlying knowledge, scientific authority, and methodological legitimacy. The results of this study indicate that gender bias in interpretation does not originate from the Quranic text itself, but rather is a construction of knowledge shaped by androcentric epistemological assumptions, the interpreter’s historical experience and social position, and patriarchal power relations that construct interpretive authority. These findings also reveal that the choice of interpretive methods, the hierarchy of scholarly authority, and the naturalization of certain interpretive traditions all play a significant role in systematically reproducing gender bias. This study concludes that deconstructing gender bias in interpretation requires an interpretive epistemological framework that is reflective, contextual, and sensitive to gender justice as an important implication for the development of contemporary critical interpretation studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pandy Pratama, Ranjan Owen, Samia Woodring, Emilie Abraham, Emily Gupta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hadis tentang Lalat yang Jatuh ke dalam Air: Studi Komparatif antara Pemahaman Islam dan Perspektif Kesehatan
The hadith about the fly falling into water, as narrated by al-Bukharī, is often debated because it is considered contrary to modern hygiene principles, thus giving rise to an academic need to re-examine its relevance in the context of contemporary health. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the hadith by examining the authority of the text, the views of classical and modern scholars, and assessing its significance from a scientific perspective. The method used is a qualitative, literature-based research approach with a thematic analysis, which examines the hadith textually and normatively while comparing it with empirical findings from modern microbiology studies. The results of the analysis indicate that some fly species can indeed carry pathogens on their bodies, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which have the potential to cause infectious diseases. However, recent laboratory research has also found that in the bodies of flies, particularly in the wings and cuticle, there are bioactive compounds, including antimicrobial peptides and certain enzymes, that can suppress the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Several studies have even confirmed that extracts from the fly body have an inhibitory effect on harmful bacterial colonies in in vitro tests, supporting the scientific assumption that other aspects of the fly have therapeutic potential. Thus, these findings indicate that the Prophet’s hadith not only contain normative messages but also have coherence with modern scientific knowledge, further strengthening the hadith’s position as a source of knowledge that does not conflict with science. However, the application of this hadith in contemporary medical practice still requires consideration of caution, the context of hygiene, and the development of modern public health standards. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of integrating hadith studies and health sciences as a means of enriching contemporary Islamic epistemology, while also creating space for the reinterpretation of hadith through a scientific approach to maintain its relevance in the development of modern medical and religious discourse.
Hadith; Fly; Islamic Microbiology; Science; Hygiene
Copyright (c) 2025 Dise Dalusari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Humor Rasulullah dalam Hadis: Etika Komunikasi Dakwah Humanis di Era Digital
Da’wah in the digital era faces serious challenges, including a crisis of empathy and a degradation of communication ethics, characterized by the emergence of rigid, offensive, and divisive narratives on various social media platforms. This situation demands a more humanistic and inclusive model of da’wah communication, one that can reach the audience emotionally without compromising its religious substance. This study aims to analyze the representation of the Prophet’s humor in the hadith as a model of da’wah communication ethics relevant to the digital context, while also providing an academic contribution by offering a communication framework based on prophetic values. The method used is a qualitative literature study approach, examining hadiths about the Prophet’s humor through the study of classical and contemporary commentators, and analyzing them using humanist communication theory. The analysis was conducted using interpretive-hermeneutic techniques to identify the principles of the Prophet’s humor and their relevance to contemporary da’wah practices. The results show that the Prophet’s humor is characterized by honesty, politeness, and a socio-educational function that is full of empathy and gentleness, so that it not only entertains but also educates and strengthens emotional bonds with the audience. The principles of the Prophet’s humor have proven to be an effective da’wah instrument because they can touch the psychological and spiritual aspects. In conclusion, the application of the Prophet’s humorous values in digital preaching can be effectively implemented through creative media, such as storytelling, Islamic memes, and educational videos, which are both communicative and fun, thereby presenting a friendly, inclusive, and transformative face of Islam to the global community.
Prophetic Humor; Hadith; Preaching Ethics; Humanistic Communication; Digital Preaching
Copyright (c) 2025 Naria Giofandi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Kebersihan Diri dalam Hadis: Etika Personal dalam Perspektif Kesehatan Masyarakat
Personal hygiene and maintaining body odor are integral to Islamic teachings, emphasizing both individual and social dimensions. In the modern context, public health issues such as skin diseases, infectious diseases, and decreased social well-being due to poor hygiene further emphasize the urgency of religious studies relevant to public health. Studies of hadith on hygiene have been largely understood within the framework of ritual worship, but have not been widely explored as a basis for public health ethics. This study aims to analyze the Prophet’s hadiths on maintaining bodily hygiene practices—such as bathing, using perfume, grooming hair, and controlling food odors—and examine their relevance to modern health promotion strategies. This study employed a qualitative method with a thematic analysis approach, linking the findings descriptively and analytically to contemporary scientific evidence. The results show that the Prophet emphasized hygiene practices, including regular bathing, using perfume, maintaining personal hygiene, and avoiding the consumption of strong-smelling foods before entering public spaces. These findings align with modern scientific evidence demonstrating that bodily hygiene is effective in reducing bacteria that cause body odor, preventing skin diseases, and increasing social well-being. In addition to the hygienic dimension, these hadiths also emphasize the close relationship between physical cleanliness and spiritual purity, enriching the perspective of health with spiritual nuances. The study’s conclusions confirm that cleanliness in the hadith is not merely individual guidance but also contributes significantly to collective health. This research offers practical implications in the form of strengthening hadith-based hygiene literacy in Islamic public health promotion strategies.
Hadith; Cleanliness; Hygiene; Personal Ethics; Public Health
Copyright (c) 2025 Bella Dinata, Sulhayani & Jonson Silalahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hadis tentang Kebebasan Budak: Studi Historis terhadap Akar Emansipasi Sosial dalam Islam
Slavery is a deeply rooted social practice in pre-Islamic society and persisted in the early Islamic period, raising serious issues related to justice and equality. In this context, Islam presented fundamental changes through the Prophet’s teachings, as recorded in hadiths, that emphasize not only legal aspects but also moral and social dimensions, leading to emancipation. This study aims to examine the historical role of hadith in forming the foundation of slave liberation as the root of the Islamic social emancipation movement and its contribution to contemporary humanitarian values. The method employed is a qualitative historical-hermeneutic approach, utilizing content analysis of ṣaḥīḥ hadiths from various primary books, including Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, and Sunan Abī Dāwud, with the selection criteria of hadiths that explicitly regulate, motivate, or sanction the liberation of slaves. The research findings show that these hadiths do not merely contain normative commands but also serve as moral instruments to eliminate discrimination, elevate the dignity of slaves as equal human beings, and guide society toward a more just social transformation. For example, hadiths on the virtue of freeing slaves as an expiation for sins, the validity of certain religious practices, and alternatives to corporal punishment reflect a gradual strategy toward the abolition of slavery. In conclusion, the Prophet’s hadiths lay the foundation for social emancipation, emphasizing the values of justice, humanity, and equality that remain relevant in addressing modern issues of inequality.
Slave Freedom; Social Emancipation; Islamic Justice; Hadith; Human Rights
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Mutawalli Nasution https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Nilai Spiritualitas Tidur dalam Hadis dan Implikasinya terhadap Manajemen Kesehatan Mental Muslim
Sleep is a biological need with a spiritual dimension in Islam, especially when performed according to the Prophet’s guidance, thus becoming a form of worship. The increasing phenomenon of mental health disorders among Muslims demands an alternative approach that is not only medical but also based on Islamic spirituality. This study aims to examine the spiritual dimension of sleep in the Prophet’s hadith and its implications for Muslim mental health management. The research method used was a qualitative one with a thematic analysis approach to authentic hadiths containing the Prophet’s teachings regarding sleep, with selection criteria including relevance to sleep practices, prayer content, and healthy lifestyles. The analysis process was carried out through the stages of identifying hadith texts, categorizing themes, and interpreting spiritual meanings. The results show that sleep, from the hadith perspective, is not only seen as fulfilling physical needs but also as a means of spiritual submission to God. Five main indicators of sleep spirituality were identified: the intention to sleep as worship, remembrance, and prayer before bed, sleeping position according to the Sunnah, self-reflection before bed, and balancing sleep time with worship. These five indicators contribute to building inner peace, reducing anxiety, improving sleep patterns, and enhancing the quality of spiritual relationships with God. In conclusion, hadith-based sleep spirituality offers a holistic and applicable approach to Muslim mental health management, while enriching the body of hadith studies with relevant psychospiritual dimensions to address contemporary challenges.
Sleep; Prophet’s Hadith; Mental Health; Self-Management; Islamic Spirituality
Copyright (c) 2025 Kiranti Silvia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Penggunaan AI dan Big Data dalam Pembelajaran Nilai-Nilai Al-Qur’an dan Hadis di Madrasah
Advances in digital technology, especially in the fields of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data, have opened up new opportunities for learning innovation, including in learning the values ​​of the Qur’an and Hadith in madrasas. So far, the process of learning Islamic values ​​tends to take place conventionally and textually, so it is less responsive to the development of the times and the needs of students living in the digital era. This study aims to explore the potential and effectiveness of the use of AI and Big Data in strengthening the understanding and internalization of the values ​​of the Qur’an and Hadith in the madrasa environment. The research method used is a qualitative approach with literature studies and content analysis of several models of technology application in Islamic education. The results of the study show that AI can be used to build an adaptive learning system, personalize teaching materials according to student characteristics, and create interactive chatbots to understand the context of the hadith and verses of the Qur’an. Meanwhile, Big Data allows massive processing of learning data to analyze the effectiveness of methods, student understanding tendencies, and character strengthening. In conclusion, the integration of AI and Big Data has great potential in revitalizing the learning of the values ​​of the Qur’an and Hadith in madrasas in a more contextual, relevant, and efficient manner. Curriculum development and teacher training based on digital literacy are important prerequisites for its implementation.
Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Pembelajaran Nilai, Al-Qur’an, Hadis
Copyright (c) 2025 Uzair Nazri Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Membangun Kurikulum Sains Islami: Relevansi Al-Quran dan Hadis dalam Pendidikan STEM di Era Digital
In the digital era marked by the rapid development of technology and science, the STEM-based educational approach is a priority in the global education system, including in Indonesia. However, integrating Islamic values into the STEM curriculum remains a challenge. This raises concerns about the occurrence of a dichotomy between religious knowledge and science. Therefore, the development of an Islamic science curriculum is very important to bridge this gap and ensure that science education remains in line with the values ​​of the Qur’an and Hadith. This study aims to formulate the concept of an Islamic science curriculum that is relevant to the STEM approach and by the challenges of the digital age. The method used is a library research with a qualitative approach, analyzing literature related to Islamic education, STEM education, and the integration of science from the perspective of the Qur’an and Hadith. The results of the study demonstrate that the Qur’an and Hadith incorporate scientific principles aligned with STEM values, including observation, experimentation, scientific ethics, and environmental responsibility. This integration can form a curriculum framework that not only encourages scientific literacy but also strengthens the spiritual and ethical character of students. In conclusion, an Islamic science curriculum based on the Qur’an and Hadith can be a strong foundation in developing holistic and character-based STEM education in the digital era.
Islamic Science Curriculum; Al-Quran; Hadith; STEM Education; Digital Era
Copyright (c) 2025 Mei Rahmani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Revitalisasi Pendidikan Islam Humanis dalam Menanggapi Isu-isu Global Kontemporer: Telaah Al-Quran dan Sunnah
Amidst the complexity of contemporary global issues, such as humanitarian crises, intolerance, moral degradation, and value disorientation, Islamic education faces a major challenge to remain relevant and provide effective solutions. Revitalizing Islamic education with a humanist approach is an urgent need to respond to global dynamics that threaten universal human values. This study aims to re-examine the values of Islamic humanism derived from the Qur'an and Sunnah, and to reconstruct an Islamic education model that fosters an empathetic, tolerant, and inclusive attitude in the current context. This study uses a qualitative method with a thematic-analytical approach to the verses of the Qur'an and the hadiths of the Prophet that contain humanist values. The results of the study show that the Qur'an and Sunnah contain fundamental principles of humanist education such as respect for human dignity, justice, compassion, and strengthening noble morals. These principles need to be revitalized through a curriculum, learning methods, and a contextual Islamic educational environment. In conclusion, humanist Islamic education is not just a normative discourse, but a strategic solution in building a just and humane global civilization. The reaffirmation of humanist Islamic values ​​is a middle way between the idealism of revelation and the dynamic global social reality.
Islamic Education; Humanism; Quran; Sunnah; Contemporary Global Issues
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Farhan Saidina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pendidikan Islam dan Perubahan Iklim: Respons Qur’ani-Hadis terhadap Krisis Lingkungan Kontemporer
Climate change is one of the most pressing environmental crises facing the world today, with far-reaching social, economic, and ecological impacts. In the context of Islamic education, there is an urgent need to integrate the teachings of the Qur’an and Hadith as a moral and ethical basis for addressing this environmental crisis. This article aims to explore how Islamic education can provide an effective response to climate change from the perspective of the teachings of the Qur’an and Hadith. The research method used is qualitative and analysis of religious texts with a literature approach, combining interpretations of the verses of the Qur’an and Hadith related to nature conservation, human responsibility as caliphs, and the principle of ecological justice. The results of the study show that Islamic teachings explicitly encourage ecological awareness, sustainable management of natural resources, and the obligation to maintain the balance of Allah’s creation. Islamic education can play a strategic role in shaping ecological attitudes and behaviors based on spiritual values ​​and environmental ethics. In conclusion, the integration of the teachings of the Qur’an and Hadith in Islamic education is not only relevant but also essential as a response to the climate change crisis, which can inspire real action in environmental conservation and sustainable development. This approach is the foundation for the formation of a generation that cares about the environment, according to religious guidance.
Islamic Education; Climate Change; Quran, Hadith; Environmental Crisis
Copyright (c) 2025 Budi Agung & Lil Sapnur Aspin Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Humanisasi Pendidikan Islam Melalui Konseling Qur’ani: Menjawab Tantangan Individualisme dan Materialisme Global
The development of the globalization era has had a significant impact on the mindset and behavior of the younger generation, particularly the emergence of challenges to individualism and materialism that erode the values of humanity and spirituality in Islamic education. This phenomenon demands an educational model that is able to integrate Qur’anic values ​​in building the character of students holistically. This study aims to examine the role of Qur’anic counseling as an effort to humanize Islamic education in facing the challenges of global individualism and materialism. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach, examining the texts of the Qur’an and Islamic counseling literature to understand the concept and practice of Qur’anic counseling in the context of education. The results of the study indicate that Qur’anic counseling is capable of restoring the balance between spiritual and social values, instilling awareness of individual responsibility towards society, and reducing the influence of excessive materialistic values. This approach strengthens noble morals and empathy as the foundation of humanizing Islamic education that is relevant to the current global context. In conclusion, Qur’anic counseling is a strategic solution in revitalizing Islamic education to be more humane and oriented towards the formation of individuals with integrity and high civilization. Its practical implications can be applied in the curriculum and character building in Islamic educational institutions.
Humanization; Quranic Counseling; Individualism; Materialism; Islamic Education
Copyright (c) 2025 Reyhanna Fadillah & Kelvin Afriansyah Purba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Memuliakan Tamu dalam Perspektif Hadis: Menjaga Harmoni Sosial di Tengah Perubahan Zaman
Islam strongly emphasizes the importance of honoring guests as part of the noble morals exemplified by the Prophet Muhammad. However, in the context of contemporary social life, the practice of honoring guests is often faced with the challenges of social, economic, and lifestyle changes that are increasingly individualistic. This study aims to explore the limitations of honoring guests from the perspective of the hadith and its implications in modern social life. This study uses a qualitative method with a thematic approach to the hadiths related to the limitations, manners, and ethics of honoring guests, combined with an analysis of classical and contemporary literature to provide a more comprehensive understanding. The results of the study show that honoring guests has clear limitations in Islam, including a maximum time of three days, the type of service provided, and the treatment that is by the host's ability. The implications of this discussion in contemporary social life include the importance of maintaining a balance between honoring guests and considering the financial capabilities and social conditions of the host. The contribution of this study is to provide a clearer perspective on the application of the manners of honoring guests in the modern era, as well as how these principles can be applied in building harmonious social relationships amidst changes in community values.
Honoring Guests; Thematic Hadith; Manners; Ethics; Contemporary
Copyright (c) 2025 M. Fajri Yusuf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Countering Cyberbullying with Hadith: Actualizing Women's Social Ethical Values in the Digital Era
This study aims to explore the actualization of women’s social ethics contained in the hadith as a strategy to counter the phenomenon of cyberbullying and online harassment, which are increasingly rampant in the digital era. The study focuses on understanding the values of social ethics taught by the Prophet SAW, especially those related to respect for women, their rights, and behavioral guidelines in public and private spaces. The methodology used is a qualitative study with a descriptive-analytical approach, involving analysis of relevant hadith texts and literature reviews to understand the modern context. The study’s findings indicate that hadiths discussing respect for women’s honor can be actualized as a guide in designing digital ethics policies, educational programs, and awareness campaigns to prevent cyberbullying and online harassment. In addition, the emphasis on noble morals such as respect, empathy, and protection of human dignity according to Islamic teachings can play a significant role in forming a healthy digital culture. The conclusion of this study confirms the relevance of the teachings of social ethics in the hadith as a long-term solution to address social challenges in cyberspace. The implications include integrating Islamic values into technology policies and public education, especially for the younger generation.
Women’s Social Ethics; Hadith; Cyberbullying; Online Harassment; Reactualization of Islamic Teachings.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integrasi Wahyu dan Sains: Telaah Interdisipliner Ayat-Ayat Ilmiah dalam Al-Quran
The Quran is not only a source of law and spiritual guidance but also contains signs relevant to modern scientific findings. The background of this research is the interest and challenge in understanding the relationship between the text of Revelation and contemporary scientific theories, especially in the era of technological and scientific progress. This study aims to analyze the verses of the Quran that contain scientific content and examine their suitability with modern scientific theories in an interdisciplinary manner. The method used is qualitative with thematic interpretation analysis (mauḍūʻī) and literature studies from contemporary scientific sources. The results of the study show that several verses of the Quran, such as those related to the creation of the universe, the development of the human embryo, the structure of the earth regarding tectonic plates and weather phenomena, have a significant correlation with modern scientific discoveries, although it is not intended to replace science, but rather to enrich the perspective of faith. In conclusion, the integration of revelation and science is not an attempt to equate the two but rather to show that the Quran supports the search for knowledge holistically, which includes spiritual and rational dimensions. This interdisciplinary approach is expected to open up space for dialogue between scholars and scientists in building a more comprehensive understanding of science.
Al-Quran; Science; Revelation; Interdisciplinary; Modern Scientific Theory.