Al-Qarawiyyin: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin p-ISSN: 3109-1946 | e-ISSN: 3109-1954 is a scientific journal that focuses its studies on the development and deepening of Ushuluddin science, covering fields such as Islamic aqidah and philosophy, interpretation and science of the Qur'an, hadith and hadith science, and contemporary Islamic thought. This journal is an academic forum for researchers, lecturers, students, and Islamic practitioners to convey ideas and research results based on normative-theological and contextual-critical approaches. By paying attention to the development of relevant religious issues, Al-Qarawiyyin plays an important role in strengthening the tradition of Islamic science that is sourced from classical treasures but remains adaptive to the challenges of the times. Published periodically by the Yayasan Albahriah Jamiah Indonesia which is committed to the development of Islamic studies, Al-Qarawiyyin: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin upholds academic standards and scientific publication ethics. Each article published goes through a strict peer-review process and is written by academics from various backgrounds, both national and international. In addition to functioning as a medium for disseminating knowledge, this journal is also expected to be an important reference in the development of the Ushuluddin study curriculum and the formation of Islamic thought that is inclusive, moderate, and in dialogue with contemporary social realities.
The Story of the Companions of the Cave and Modern Temporal Disruption: A Conceptual Analysis of the Quran in the Context of Artificial Intelligence
The acceleration of computation, simultaneous processing, and predictive logic in artificial intelligence has disrupted the way humans understand time, which was previously perceived as linear, sequential, and progressive. Meanwhile, studies of the story of the Companions of the Cave in the Quran are still predominantly placed within a historical-didactic framework, so that its conceptual potential in reading the problems of modern temporality has not been adequately explored. This study aims to explicitly and purposefully analyze the construction of nonlinear temporality in the story of the Companions of the Cave and to engage in critical dialogue with the algorithmic temporality that underlies AI work. This study uses a qualitative approach based on conceptual-thematic analysis of Quranic verses related to time, with a method of critical-comparative dialogue between classical and contemporary interpretations, and theories of temporality in artificial intelligence studies. The results show that the story of the Companions of the Cave represents a nonlinear temporality model that emphasizes the relativity of human time experience, where objective duration is not identical to subjective perception. The conceptual analysis reveals three distinct temporal regimes: human temporality, existential, limited, and experienced; the quantitative, computational, and predictive temporality of machines; and the transcendent, absolute, and beyond-calculation divine temporality. This comparison emphasizes the ontological limits that AI cannot overcome, despite its massive, simultaneous time-processing capacity. In conclusion, the story of the Companions of the Cave expands the horizon of Quranic thematic interpretations of time. It provides a critical framework for assessing claims of artificial intelligence’s temporal supremacy in the modern context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salsabila Najma Chaniago, Anita Salsabila, Fathima Sharaniya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Fiqh of Artificial Intelligence in a Quranic Perspective: Normative Framework for the Use of AI in the Religious Sphere
The increasingly intensive use of artificial intelligence in religious practices—such as the interpretation of religious texts, digital fatwā, and prayer assistance—raises serious normative issues related to the authority of knowledge, legal legitimacy, and the boundaries of the relationship between humans and technology in Islam. So far, studies of AI fiqh have been dominated by pragmatic approaches and partial legal analogies, and have not systematically departed from the normative foundations of the Quran as the primary source of Islamic law. This study aims to formulate a principled-conceptual normative framework for artificial intelligence fiqh, grounded in the Quran, for assessing the use of AI in the religious sphere. This study employs a normative legal method, with a thematic interpretation (mawḍūʻī) approach, to examine Quranic verses on reason, knowledge, trust, moral responsibility, and the relationship between humans and technology. A critical conceptual analysis of classical and contemporary fiqh literature accompanies it. The results show that the normative framework for AI fiqh can be formulated based on three main findings. First, ontologically, AI is positioned as an instrument resulting from human endeavor, not a moral subject or a source of normative authority. Second, epistemologically, AI is limited to analytical and computational support functions in the production of religious knowledge, without replacing ethically and legally responsible human reasoning. Third, normatively, the use of AI must comply with the moral principles of the Quran, including justice, benefit, accountability, and prevention of harm. In conclusion, this study offers a conceptual contribution in the form of a normative framework for AI fiqh that affirms the supremacy of the Quran as the primary reference for responding to the transformation brought about by cutting-edge technology, while strengthening the foundation of contemporary fiqh in facing digital challenges.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salleh Mohammed Habeebullah, Syarifah Wahyuni, Nur Afifah Ekowati, Mussa Otim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integration of Artificial Intelligence in the Science of Tafsīr: A Critical Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges for Contemporary Quranic Studies
The integration of artificial intelligence into Quranic studies marks a significant transformation in contemporary interpretive practices. However, existing studies remain dominated by technical and normative approaches, lacking adequate epistemological-critical analysis. This situation raises fundamental issues regarding the relationship between algorithmic logic and the interpretive principles of tafsīr, which are contextual, reflective, and historical. This study aims to critically analyze the epistemological opportunities and challenges of AI integration into tafsīr and to formulate the boundaries and epistemic functions of AI within contemporary tafsīr methodology. The study uses a qualitative-analytical approach with a critical literature study design, drawing on classical and modern tafsīr literature, the philosophy of science, and cutting-edge digital humanities studies. The analysis is conducted through a hermeneutical-critical reading and a conceptual-comparative analysis of claims of objectivity in technology and interpretive practices. The results show that AI has the potential to strengthen tafsīr studies by processing large corpora, mapping intertextuality across tafsīrs, and systematically identifying linguistic patterns in the Quran, thereby opening up previously difficult-to-reach analytical horizons. However, this study also uncovered three major challenges: the tendency to positivize meaning due to the reduction of text to data, the neglect of the historical-social context of revelation, and the reification of algorithmic output as interpretive authority. These findings highlight the structural tension between claims of AI objectivity and the interpretive nature of tafsīr. The study concludes that integrating AI should be positioned as a supporting instrument guided by critical reasoning in tafsīr to enrich contemporary Quranic studies without eroding its epistemological complexity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yazdan Kabir, Klapdor Hammond, Ernest Drennen, Sarah Jemali, Rekha Dastyari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Transformation of Quranic Studies in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: An Epistemological Shift from Classical Scientific Tradition to the Digital Ecosystem
The development of artificial intelligence as a digital knowledge infrastructure has fundamentally changed the landscape of contemporary Quranic studies. Unlike previous approaches that tended to position technology as an assistive instrument, the integration of AI in the form of semantic search engines, natural language processing, and interpretation recommendation systems presents epistemological issues that have not been systematically studied, particularly regarding the shift in knowledge sources, truth validation mechanisms, and the configuration of interpretive subjects within the Quranic scholarly tradition. This study aims to critically analyze the epistemological transformation of Quranic studies from a classical scientific framework to an AI-based digital ecosystem, focusing on the reconstruction of knowledge authority, changes in interpretive methodology, and the restructuring of subject-knowledge relations. This study uses a qualitative method with an epistemological-critical approach, analyzing the latest academic literature in the field of Quranic studies and technology, as well as a conceptual review of concrete practices of AI utilization in digital Quranic studies. The results show that the integration of AI triggers a multidimensional epistemological shift, namely: first, the reconstruction of knowledge sources from the authority of scholars and texts to an aggregative algorithmic database; Second, the transformation of interpretive methodology from in-depth, discipline-based reading to rapid, computationally-assisted analysis; Third, the shift in truth validation mechanisms from scientific consensus to technological and statistical verification; Fourth, the emergence of new epistemic subjects that do not fully fall within the framework of conventional scholars or academics. These findings emphasize that AI is epistemologically non-neutral and forms a new logic of knowledge production that demands theoretical reformulation in the epistemology of contemporary Quranic studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Safrizal, Stephen Baker, Josef Peterson, Zara Amaefule, Khalid S Hamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Contestation of Interpretational Authority between ʻUlamāʻ and Artificial Intelligence: A Critical Study of AI Epistemology in Quranic Studies
The development of artificial intelligence in the analysis of religious texts has encouraged its use in Quranic studies, including in the practice of interpretation, which, in turn, raises fundamental epistemological issues in the form of contestation over interpretive authority between ʻulamāʻ as interpretive subjects and AI as a computational system. This issue not only addresses the technical aspects of producing meaning but also challenges the legitimacy of knowledge, sources of epistemic authority, and standards of interpretive validity. To date, studies that systematically formulate the epistemic boundaries and position of AI authority within the epistemological framework of Quranic interpretation are still relatively limited. This study aims to critically and conceptually analyze the epistemology of AI in Quranic studies, thereby confirming the position and limits of interpretive authority between ʻulamāʻ and artificial intelligence. This study employs a qualitative method, drawing on library studies of classical and contemporary interpretation literature, philosophy of science, and critical technology studies, with a philosophical-epistemological and hermeneutic analysis approach. The results of this study indicate that AI operates at the instrumental-operational level by processing textual data, linguistic statistics, and syntactic patterns, without the capacity for intentionality, historical awareness, and normative reflection, which are the epistemic prerequisites for Quranic interpretation. This finding confirms that the epistemic authority of interpretation remains with the ʻulamāʻ due to their involvement in hermeneutic awareness, mastery of scientific traditions, methodological responsibility, and ethical dimensions in the production of meaning. This study also reveals that the uncontrolled integration of AI has the potential to shift the standard of interpretation validity from epistemological considerations to the logic of technological efficiency. In conclusion, this study strengthens the epistemology of contemporary interpretation by formulating a relational framework that positions AI as a limited epistemic tool, rather than as a holder of interpretive authority.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kutsal van den Berg, Bart Bedner, Martijn Zheng, Philipp Grote, Alisha Shema https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Epistemology of Interpretation in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Authority, Validity, and the Limits of AI’s Role in Quranic Interpretation
The development of artificial intelligence in Islamic studies has transformed the landscape of the production and circulation of Quranic exegetical knowledge, while simultaneously raising epistemological issues that have not been systematically discussed, particularly regarding the shift in interpretive authority, the criteria for the validity of exegetical expertise, and the limits of technology’s role in understanding the sacred text. Previous studies tend to position AI as a technical instrument or discuss it normatively, while its epistemological implications for the structure and legitimacy of exegesis have received little attention. This article critically analyzes the relationship between Quranic exegesis and artificial intelligence by formulating the epistemological limits of AI’s role within the framework of contemporary exegetical epistemology. This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing an epistemological-critical analysis method grounded in Islamic epistemology and contemporary philosophy of science, as reflected in classical and modern exegetical literature. The results reveal a shift in the pattern of exegetical authority, where AI serves as an epistemic mediator that facilitates linguistic, intertextual, and comparative analysis while remaining dependent on human interpretative authority. The construction of the data corpus determines the validity of AI-based interpretation, the epistemic assumptions internalized in the algorithm, and AI’s limitations in capturing the historical, social, and discursive context of the Quran. AI also lacks the reflective capacity, hermeneutic intentionality, and intellectual accountability that are essential requirements for interpretation. In conclusion, AI must be epistemologically positioned as an analytical aid, not an authoritative source of interpretation, with theoretical implications that strengthen the epistemological framework of interpretation, making it adaptive to technology without obscuring the principles of scientific validity and the authority of human interpreters.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akhmetkazy Bagasharov, Mamyrova Zhantaeva, Kuzembayeva Khalizhan, Yemelianova Kurmanbayev, Nurgazy Khaydarov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Degree of Existence and Ontology of Virtual Reality in the Framework of Mulla Sadra’s Metaphysics of Wujūd
The development of virtual reality, the metaverse, and immersive digital environments raises ontological questions about the existence of virtual entities that are neither entirely material nor reducible to mere mental constructions. Contemporary digital ontology approaches still tend to be trapped in the dichotomy of real-pseudo and material-symbolic, so they are unable to explain the relational and hierarchical gradation of virtual reality’s existence. This study aims to reconstruct the ontological status of virtual reality through the framework of Mulla Sadra’s metaphysics of wujūd, emphasizing the concepts of aṣālat al-Wujūd, tashkīk al-Wujūd, the ontology of khayāl, and ḥarakah jawhariyyah. This research is a literature study with a philosophical-analytical approach, grounded in ontological analysis and the conceptual reconstruction of Mulla Sadra’s primary texts, as well as contemporary literature on the philosophy of technology and digital ontology. The results show that virtual reality has a real, derivative status as existence, with a weaker intensity of wujūd than that of external reality. From the perspective of tashkīk al-Wujūd, virtual reality is understood as a relational mode of existence that depends on the material substrate of technology, digital information systems, and the subject’s intentionality. The ontology of khayāl situates virtual reality as an intermediate realm between materiality and intellectuality, while ḥarakah jawhariyyah describes its dynamic, continuous existential transformation. This study confirms that Sadrian metaphysics offers a conceptual alternative to contemporary digital ontology and expands Islamic philosophy’s contribution to the study of modern philosophy of technology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mashayla Billups, Adedoyin Adekunle, Mohammad Hossein Zadeh, Nafise Mostafavi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Problem of Determinism in Machine Learning: Ashʻarite and Muʻtazilite Free Will Perspectives
The problem of determinism in machine learning is becoming increasingly relevant as predictive analytics, recommendation systems, and algorithmic profiling model human behavior as predictable statistical patterns. Modern studies of the philosophy of technology generally address this issue within the framework of secular rationalism. At the same time, the contribution of classical Islamic theology to the critique of digital determinism remains limited. This study aims to analyze the problem of algorithmic determinism by reconstructing the Ashʻarite and Muʻtazilite concepts of free will and to assess their relevance as a critical framework for the metaphysical assumptions of machine learning. This research is a literature study with a philosophical-theological approach, grounded in a hermeneutic reading of primary kalām texts and a conceptual-critical analysis of contemporary machine learning literature. The results show that determinism in machine learning is both operational and epistemic, as algorithmic predictions rely on probabilistic correlations rather than final causality in human actions. The Ashʻarite perspective, through the concept of kasb, shows limited compatibility with digital predictive systems by distinguishing between the creation of actions and the subject’s moral responsibility. In contrast, the Muʻtazilite affirmed human rational autonomy and the causal efficacy of actions, thereby demonstrating the limitations of algorithmic deterministic claims in explaining ethical freedom. A comparison of the two suggests that machine learning does not eliminate free will but only enhances the capacity to predict behavior. This research confirms that classical kalām can serve as a critical framework for evaluating the metaphysical assumptions of contemporary digital technology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fauziah Hanum Siregar, Indra Harahap, Sholahuddin Ashani, Hashim Mohammed Adam Hasabalh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dataism as a New Religion? An Islamic Epistemological Critique of the Sacralization of Data in the Digital Paradigm
The increasing dominance of algorithms, artificial intelligence, and big data systems in digital life has given rise to dataism as an epistemic paradigm that positions data as the primary source of truth’s legitimacy and the basis for social, economic, and moral decision-making. Studies on dataism are still largely dominated by Western epistemology and have yet to incorporate Islamic epistemology as a systematic, critical framework for data absolutization. This study aims to analyze the epistemic character of dataism and formulate an Islamic epistemological critique of the tendency to sacralize data in the digital paradigm. This research is a qualitative-conceptual study based on a literature review, using epistemological analysis, the philosophy of science, and philosophical criticism of technology approaches to dataism, alongside classical and contemporary Islamic epistemological thought. The results show that dataism constructs a reductionist knowledge structure by focusing on the validity of truth in terms of computational measurability, thereby subordinating ethical experience, rational reflection, and transcendent dimensions to algorithmic logic. This pattern produces a closed epistemic authority that functions like a secular belief system, positioning data as the final arbiter of reality and value. Islamic epistemology offers a corrective framework by integrating the senses, reason, and revelation within a hierarchy of knowledge that positions empirical data instrumentally rather than absolutely. These findings emphasize the importance of data’s epistemic boundaries and enrich the discourse on digital philosophy and technology ethics from a non-reductionist Islamic perspective.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hassan Anderl, Adeeb Obaid Alsuhaymi, Giullaume Heydarnia, Ledger Dhaene, Natalia Mykola Nikolaienko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Anthropological Critique of Islamic Philosophy of Transhumanism: An Analysis of the Concepts of Homo Deus and ʻAbd Allāh
The development of transhumanism as a contemporary philosophical and technoscientific movement encourages the redefinition of humanity through biological, cognitive, and moral enhancements, culminating in the concept of Homo Deus as a posthuman, autonomous subject. This discourse raises philosophical questions about the nature of humanity, the limits of agency, and the relationship between technology and existential meaning. This study aims to critically analyze the ontological, epistemological, and teleological constructions of Homo Deus and evaluate them through the concept of ‘Abd Allāh in Islamic philosophical anthropology. This research is a literature study with a philosophical-critical and comparative-dialogical approach, employing a conceptual analysis of the main works of transhumanism, especially those of Yuval Noah Harari, as well as the treasures of classical and contemporary Islamic philosophy. The results show that Homo Deus is built on a naturalistic-reductionistic ontology that views consciousness as a computational process and the body as an object of technological optimization. Its epistemology is technocentric by placing data, predictability, and algorithmic efficiency as the main parameters of truth. The teleology of transhumanism equates human perfection with expanded control over the body, emotions, and death. In contrast, the concept of ‘Abd Allāh is rooted in the monotheistic paradigm, which positions humans as relational subjects, ontologically limited, yet valued through moral mandates and ethical responsibilities. This research asserts that Islamic philosophical anthropology offers a conceptual correction to transhumanism by placing human freedom within the horizons of transcendence, ethics, and normative responsibility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Hanif Fuadi, Oby Ara Afima, Mustafa Okleh, Irshad Alrawadieh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Tajallī or the Computational Theory of Mind? Reconstructing the Ontology of Consciousness in Islamic Philosophy and Cognitive Science
The ontology of consciousness in contemporary debates arises from the tension between the metaphysical paradigm of Islamic philosophy and the physicalist approach in cognitive science, particularly regarding the explanation of qualia, intentionality, and the unity of conscious experience. In Islamic philosophy, the concept of tajallī views consciousness as a hierarchical manifestation of existential reality. In contrast, the computational theory of mind views mentality as the result of symbolic computation and neuronal processes grounded in physical systems. The absence of an integrative framework that explains the relationship between the phenomenological dimension and causal mechanisms leaves the dialogue between the two paradigms fragmented. This study aims to reconstruct a non-reductionist ontology of consciousness through a model of reality stratification that connects the metaphysical and computational dimensions without eliminating the differences in their ontic levels. The study uses a qualitative approach based on literature reviews, employing philosophical hermeneutics, ontological analysis, and comparative-integrative analysis of the main texts of Islamic philosophy, especially the concept of tajallī, as well as the latest cognitive science literature on computationalism, representationalism, and predictive processing. The results of this study indicate that tajallī operates within a gradational ontology that positions consciousness as an intensification of being with a relational-intentional structure. In contrast, computational theories of mind tend to be reductionistic, treating consciousness as a causal output of symbol manipulation and neuronal activity. The proposed reconstruction yields a stratified ontological model that accounts for the compatibility between phenomenal experience and causal explanation without reducing consciousness to a purely physical entity. This model broadens the horizon of dialogue between Islamic philosophy and contemporary consciousness studies and offers a conceptual alternative to the dominance of physicalism in consciousness theory.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fahim Zenab Moghimi, Mohammad Dawood Alawi, Adam Shah Hassani, Romzie Foroughi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Hierarchy of Intellect in Islamic Philosophy as a Framework for Critique of the Epistemological Limits of Artificial General Intelligence
The development of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) has given rise to claims of cross-domain cognitive abilities that are equal to human rationality. However, these claims are still dominated by the computational paradigm, which reduces intelligence to symbolic processing and algorithmic optimization, thereby leaving an epistemological gap regarding the ontological status of knowledge and reflective consciousness that has not been widely studied from an Islamic philosophical perspective. This study specifically aims to reconstruct the hierarchy of intellect in Islamic philosophy as a critical conceptual model to test the epistemological limits of AGI and formulate a typology of ontological differences between the actualization of human intellect and computational architecture. The method used is a literature study with a philosophical-analytical approach through a systematic selection of classical and contemporary texts, a conceptual analysis of the categories of potential, actual, and acquired intellect, and an ontological comparison based on an analytical framework that assesses the dimensions of representation, consciousness, and transformation of the subject. The results show that the hierarchy of intellect is a multilevel process of actualization from potential to actuality through existential intensification, namely the improvement in the quality of the knowing subject’s existence, characterized by the integration of cognition, self-reflection, and meaning-making. Within this framework, knowledge is understood as the ontological transformation of the subject, not simply the accumulation of representations. In contrast, AGI operates at the representational-instrumental level through symbol manipulation, statistical learning, and probabilistic calculations that generate correlations and predictions without involving reflective awareness or changes in the subject’s ontological status. This finding confirms the structural and principal epistemological limits of AGI.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sedef Karakaş, Nihan Durmaz, Melis Yeşilçayır https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Scientific Cosmopolitanism in 9th-Century Baghdad: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian Knowledge Exchange in Sociological Perspective
The 9th century was a pivotal phase in Islamic intellectual history, when Baghdad, under the Abbasid dynasty, emerged as a cosmopolitan center of knowledge. However, studies on interfaith interactions in the social construction of knowledge have rarely been discussed sociologically, particularly regarding the mechanisms of collaboration and the driving forces behind them. This study aims to analyze the exchange of knowledge between Muslim, Jewish, and Christian communities through social relations, institutions, and scientific networks, and to examine how these interactions have shaped cosmopolitan structures for the development of knowledge. This study employs a qualitative method with a historical-sociological approach, drawing on both primary and secondary literature. This study examines the role of Bayt al-Ḥikmah, the patronage of the caliphs, and the contributions of translators and scholars across religions through their works, institutions, and intellectual networks. The results show that Christian translators played a strategic role in transmitting Greek works through philological phases and conceptual adaptations. At the same time, Muslim scholars developed a methodological synthesis that connected rationalism and theology in the fields of philosophy, medicine, and mathematics. The Jewish community also made significant contributions to the development of philology and philosophy, which later had a profound influence on the Andalusian intellectual tradition. These findings confirm that Baghdad’s scientific cosmopolitanism was not simply the result of knowledge transfer, but rather a social construct shaped by epistemic tolerance, institutional cooperation, and cultural openness. In conclusion, interfaith interactions during this period gave rise to a knowledge ecosystem model that was not only productive and collaborative but also accelerated methodological integration and the expansion of the intellectual horizons of the Islamic world.
Cosmopolitanism; Baghdad; Exchange of Knowledge; Bayt Al-Ḥikmah; Religious Interaction
Copyright (c) 2025 Zeindri Abu Umar, Marwan Hidayat, Ahmad Basuki Qomarullah & Rizky Mutmainnah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Waqf Funds as an Instrument for the Dissemination of Knowledge in Classical Islamic Civilization
In classical Islamic history, waqf was not only a practice of religious philanthropy but also served as a strategic mechanism supporting the sustainability of education and the development of science. The urgency of this study lies in the lack of historical studies that systematically position waqf as the institutional foundation of science, especially in the context of its relevance to modern educational models. This research aims to analyze the role of waqf in strengthening scientific institutions and examine its management mechanisms that encouraged the sustainability of intellectual activity during the golden age of Islam. Using qualitative methods based on historical-descriptive analysis, this study examines classical works and secondary sources through document analysis of waqf practices in various centers of knowledge during the Islamic Middle Ages. The results show that waqf not only provided funding for mosques but also supported the establishment and management of madrasas, universities, libraries, and study centers such as Bayt al-Ḥikmah in Baghdad and Al-Qarawiyyin in Fez. Furthermore, the scholarship system, teacher allowances, and the provision of research facilities are concrete forms of waqf’s contribution to creating a sustainable scientific ecosystem. These findings reveal that the existence of waqf facilitates the transfer of knowledge across generations and promotes intellectual exchange between the Islamic world and other civilizations. In conclusion, waqf serves as a structural foundation for scientific civilization, not merely a charitable act, and its relevance offers a sustainable model for educational financing that can be applied in contemporary contexts.
Waqf; Dissemination of Knowledge; Islamic Civilization; Islamic Philanthropy; Classical Islam
Copyright (c) 2025 Ulul Azmi & Anton Marpaung https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Science, Power, and Legitimacy: The Political Role of Rulers in the Dynamics of the Development of Science in the Classical Islamic World (Abbasid–Andalusian)
The development of science in the classical Islamic world was not only organic. Still, it was also shaped by power relations that made science a means of political legitimacy and social control. A research gap arises from the lack of studies that explicitly highlight how political patronage not only supported but also framed science’s epistemological direction and institutionalization. This study aims to specifically identify the political mechanisms by which rulers influence the production, authority, and institutionalization of science, and examine their implications for the formation of power legitimacy. A qualitative historical-analytical approach is employed by analyzing primary sources, including chronicles and documents from scientific institutions, as well as contemporary secondary literature that discusses the patronage of science in the Abbasid, Fatimid, and Andalusian periods. The results reveal three main mechanisms of ruler intervention. First, financial and symbolic patronage of scholars and scientists created intellectual authority and strengthened claims to power. Second, the institutionalization of science was facilitated through the establishment of the Bayt al-Ḥikmah, the Nizamiyyah madrasah, and the University of Córdoba, which became centers of knowledge production, curation, and dissemination. Third, cultural diplomacy facilitated the transfer of knowledge from Greek, Persian, Indian, and Arabic traditions, leading to intellectual transformation across civilizations. In conclusion, the relationship between knowledge and power during the classical Islamic period not only enriched intellectual traditions but also became a hegemonic instrument that strengthened political legitimacy through scientific authority directed toward social welfare and the construction of a universal civilization.
Knowledge; Power; Legitimacy; Politics; Classical Islam
Copyright (c) 2025 Fitriana Indah, Choirunnisak, Yusman, Faizal Muhammad Arifin & Salahuddin Ashani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dekonstruksi Pendidikan Progresif Perspektif Filsafat Islam: Menjawab Tantangan Dehumanisasi Pendidikan Kontemporer
Progressive education in the modern Western tradition emphasises the liberation, independence, and experiences of learners as the core of learning. Still, in practice, it often falls into dehumanisation, where learners are reduced to objects of technocratic measurement, thus triggering a crisis of educational meaning. This study aims to deconstruct the concept of modern progressive education from the perspective of Islamic philosophy, emphasizing humanistic and transcendental values as its primary foundation. Using a qualitative-descriptive method with a philosophical hermeneutic approach, this study analyses Western and Islamic educational philosophy texts, identifies signs of dehumanisation, and reinterprets the concept of progressivism within the framework of monotheism, morality, and social responsibility. The research findings indicate that progressive education, as informed by Islamic philosophy, prioritizes the freedom of thought and the development of individual potential in conjunction with the principle of the oneness of God, thereby combining intellectual, moral, and spiritual dimensions. The hermeneutic analysis reveals that the crisis of dehumanisation can be overcome by repositioning educators as guides who play a role in guiding tazkiyah al-Nafs, integrating learning with character formation and divine awareness. This approach yields an educational model that celebrates humans holistically, rather than merely assessing cognitive achievements. The conclusion of the study emphasizes the need to develop an educational system based on Islamic values that are operational in the curriculum, methods, and evaluation, so that progressive education can function as an instrument of true liberation that maintains human dignity and honor amidst the current trend of technocratization in modern education.
Progressive Education; Dehumanization; Islamic Philosophy; Murabbī; Tazkiyah al-Nafs
Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Nurul Hidayah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Reinterpretasi Epistemologi Pendidikan Islam dalam Filsafat Al-Fārābī sebagai Solusi Krisis Makna Kurikulum Kontemporer
The crisis of meaning in contemporary education is characterized by a disconnect between the spiritual and rational dimensions of the learning process, resulting in a degradation of values ​​and a loss of educational orientation as a means of developing complete human beings. This condition is further exacerbated by the dominance of pragmatic and utilitarian paradigms in modern curricula, which tend to overlook the existential needs of students. This article aims to offer an epistemological contribution through an examination of al-Fārābī's educational philosophy, particularly his idea of ​​the synthesis of revelation and reason as the basis of integral knowledge. Using qualitative methods based on library studies, this study analyzes primary texts by al-Fārābī and secondary literature from Islamic educational thinkers to uncover the relevance of his thinking in the context of the current educational crisis. The results of the study indicate that al-Fārābī’s epistemology emphasizes the harmony between revelation and reason as the foundation of complete learning, positions education as a path to happiness (saʻadah), and emphasizes the importance of a curriculum that integrates ethical, metaphysical, and rational dimensions. In addition, according to al-Fārābī, the ideal teacher figure is a philosopher who can transform knowledge into wisdom and establish a primary society (al-Madīnah al-Fāḍilah) based on noble values. The conclusion of this study confirms that al-Fārābī’s educational epistemology provides a relevant theoretical and practical framework for responding to the crisis of meaning in contemporary curriculum through an integral approach that integrates revelation, reason, values, and knowledge.
Islamic Epistemology; Al-Fārābī; Contemporary Curriculum; Crisis of Meaning; Values-Based Education
Copyright (c) 2025 Imam Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Kritik Hermeneutik Filsafat Islam atas Dominasi Positivisme dalam Pendidikan Madrasah di Indonesia
Madrasah education in Indonesia, as an institution that combines Islamic values and science, now faces serious epistemological challenges due to the dominance of the positivist paradigm, which tends to reduce knowledge to empirical and measurable aspects. This dominance is not merely a methodological issue but also has a direct impact on the direction and quality of madrasah education, as it ignores the transcendental, metaphysical, and spiritual dimensions that are the core of Islamic epistemology. This study aims to specifically examine how a hermeneutic approach to Islamic philosophy can be used to reinterpret the relationship between revelation, reason, and educational reality, thereby offering a more comprehensive alternative paradigm. This study uses qualitative methods with a hermeneutic-philosophical analysis approach to classical and contemporary Islamic philosophical texts, as well as national education documents. The results show that positivism has been strengthened through evaluation standards based on cognitive achievement, the reduction of religious knowledge to an additional element, and the weak integration of spiritual values in learning practices. The hermeneutics of Islamic philosophy, with its emphasis on the dialogue between text, context, and subject, offers a path to epistemological reconstruction that affirms knowledge as a means to ultimate truth and strengthens the spiritual function of education. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the need for a reorientation of the madrasah education paradigm through the integration of Islamic epistemology, which not only strengthens students' spiritual character but also provides theoretical contributions in building an Islamic education model capable of transcending the hegemony of positivism.
Positivism; Reduction of Knowledge; Islamic Philosophy; Hermeneutics; Madrasah Education
Copyright (c) 2025 Ramauddin Purba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Antara Taklid dan Ijtihad: Dialektika Pembentukan Nalar Kritis Siswa dalam Pendidikan Islam
Contemporary Islamic education faces significant challenges in developing students’ critical thinking skills due to the dominance of the taqlīd tradition, which involves accepting teachings dogmatically without a process of in-depth reflection, thereby often limiting the space for intellectual dialectics. This condition creates a significant research gap regarding how Islamic education can transform from a pattern of passive acceptance to a more reflective and independent thinking process. This study aims to analyze the dialectic between taqlīd and ijtihād in the context of Islamic education and to formulate a philosophical approach that can foster students’ intellectual independence. Using qualitative methods through library research and hermeneutic analysis of classical and contemporary Islamic texts, as well as the thoughts of Muslim philosophers and pedagogues, this study emphasizes the importance of pedagogical ijtihād as a learning framework that opens up space for questions and answers, contemplation, and tadabbur. The results of the study indicate that an ijtihād-based approach can synthesize traditional heritage (turāṡ) with modern thought, so that students not only understand doctrinal texts textually but also can interpret their meaning and context critically and philosophically. In conclusion, the shift from passive imitation to active ijtihād in Islamic education is both an epistemological necessity and a pedagogical urgency to produce a generation of rational, autonomous, and transformative Muslims. This effort requires curriculum reform, innovation in teaching methods, and increased critical awareness of teachers as agents of change so that Islamic education can meet the challenges of the times.
Taqlīd; Ijtihād; Critical Reasoning; Islamic Education; Pedagogical Ijtihād
Copyright (c) 2025 Suswita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Rekontekstualisasi Filsafat Islam dalam Kurikulum Madrasah untuk Penguatan Nalar Kritis dan Pembentukan Insan Kamil
The madrasah curriculum in contemporary Islamic education faces the challenge of balancing the normative-religious dimension with the need to strengthen students’ critical reasoning skills. Islamic philosophy, as an intellectual tradition characterized by essential, integrative, and rational reflection, is often marginalized in formal education due to ideological resistance, limited teaching staff, and a lack of understanding of its importance in shaping a complete human being. This study aims to re-examine the importance of recontextualizing Islamic philosophy in the madrasah curriculum as a means of strengthening critical thinking skills while shaping a holistic personality. Using qualitative methods based on literature studies and descriptive-analytical analysis, this study compiles relevant primary and secondary sources on the discourse of Islamic philosophy and madrasah curriculum development. The results of the study indicate that Islamic philosophy has significant potential to integrate cognitive, affective, and spiritual aspects into the learning process. This integration has been proven to encourage students to develop analytical, reflective, and solution-oriented thinking skills in facing contemporary issues from a comprehensive Islamic perspective. Furthermore, teachers equipped with philosophy training can develop dialogue-based learning, open up intellectual discourse, and connect religious texts with real-life contexts. This study concludes that Islamic philosophy plays a strategic role in transforming the madrasah curriculum, as it can foster an educational model based on wisdom, spirituality, and rationality, ultimately supporting the formation of a perfect human being, the ideal goal of Islamic education.
Islamic Philosophy; Madrasah Curriculum; Critical Reasoning; Perfect Human; Transformational Education
Copyright (c) 2025 Surya Lesmana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hubungan Hadis Nabi dengan Akal: Studi Kritis Terhadap Wacana Ilmiah
If the authenticity of a hadith is uncertain and contradicts reason, then the hadith is considered weak. However, if a hadith is considered authentic by hadith scholars, two different theories have emerged among scholars. The first theory argues that a true hadith never contradicts reason. According to this view, sound and clear reason will never contradict a sound hadith. On the contrary, the second theory argues that a hadith of the Prophet is considered weak if it contradicts reason. This study uses analytical and library research methods, utilizing various scientific works including books, articles, and writings of Muslim scholars. The findings of this study indicate that when a hadith, which is narrated through a strong chain of narrators and whose sanad continues to the Prophet, cannot contradict reason. However, if a hadith contradicts common sense, then it can be a valid reason to question its authenticity and consider it weak. Through a comprehensive analysis of scientific discourse, this study provides a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between hadith and reason and how Islam values ​​reason. This underlines the importance of a rigorous authentication process, emphasizing the need to consider the reliability of the sanad of the hadith and the principles of intellectual reasoning when assessing the strength or weakness of a Prophetic hadith.
Hadith of the Prophet; Reason, Scientific Discourse; Intellectual; Sunnah
Copyright (c) 2025 Sulhayani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Debate on Patriarchal Interpretation of Misogynist Hadith
Criticism of hadith as a source of law in Islam is still debated today. For some reason, the hadith has been overlooked as an infallible source, and its authenticity is often the subject of debate among past and present scholars. One of the important debates in hadith studies is the existence of misogynist traditions which are claimed to exist in the ṣaḥīḥ hadith collection. This article aims to find out how this hadith has been criticized because it is influenced by patriarchal interpretation and anti-women prejudice as claimed by feminists. This is caused by male dominance in various key aspects of Islamic texts, including the processes of transmission, preservation, publication and interpretation. Unfortunately, the interpretation of hadith, especially those relating to women, contains gender bias and discrimination against women. Feminists argue that these hadiths are interpreted in the interests of men and patriarchal culture. Apart from that, this research also tries to examine several reasons for rejecting patriarchal interpretations initiated by feminists, with the aim of rejecting anti-women discourse and emphasizing women-friendly interpretations of Islamic texts. These findings indicate that patriarchal interpretation may be the reason for the persecution of women, but the hadith contains equal divine wisdom for both sexes. It is a shared responsibility to provide a better understanding of hadith textually and contextually.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salsabila Najma Chaniago https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Intellectual Traces of Women in the Golden Age of Islam: From Science to Cosmopolitan Culture
Studies of classical Islamic historiography have been biased in placing men at the center of intellectual narratives. At the same time, women’s contributions have been less systematically explored, resulting in a partial understanding of the dynamics of scholarship during the Islamic Golden Age from the 8th to 14th centuries CE. This study aims to comprehensively reconstruct the role and contribution of women in the fields of science and cosmopolitan culture, focusing on intellectual centers such as Baghdad, Cairo, Andalusia, and Damascus. Using qualitative-historical methods with thematic analysis, this study examines primary manuscripts such as biographies of scholars, scientific treatises, records of hadith transmissions, and relevant secondary literature to uncover concrete traces of women in scientific networks. The findings show that women not only played roles as teachers, hadith transmitters, and interpreters of religious texts, but also contributed to medicine, philosophy, mathematics, and the arts, even gaining recognition on par with male scholars through evidence of attribution of works, participation in scientific assemblies, and cultural patronage. Furthermore, their involvement in discussions across languages ​​and ethnicities strengthened a pluralistic and open intellectual tradition. However, limited access to some manuscripts and attribution issues hinder more quantitative data collection. In conclusion, women’s contributions during this period are an integral part of Islamic intellectual history and require further reconstruction through prosopographic studies and scholarly network mapping to enrich contemporary academic discourse and inspire the strengthening of the role of modern Muslim women.
Female Intellectuals; The Golden Age of Islam; Cosmopolitan Culture; Transmission of Knowledge; Islamic Historiography
Copyright (c) 2025 Zulfasari Kusuma, Safarah Arum Handayani, Muhammad Aslam & Nur Fatimah binti Salleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Contribution of Astronomy in Determining the Direction of the Qibla and the Hijri Calendar in the 8th–14th Centuries CE
Astronomy from the 8th to 14th centuries CE played a crucial role in meeting the practical needs of Muslims, particularly in determining the direction of the Qibla and establishing the Hijri calendar, which requires precise geographical orientation and timing of worship. Although the traditional practice of rukyat (seeing the sun) has been used, modern literature has not systematically evaluated the contribution of classical astronomy theories and instruments to the accuracy of worship and religious administration. This study aims to describe the contributions of classical astronomers, such as al-Khwārizmī, al-Battānī, al-Bīrūnī, Naṣr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, Ibn Yūnus, and Ibn Shāṭir, in the development of instruments, observation methods, and mathematical calculations, and to evaluate their influence on the accuracy of the Qibla direction and the Hijri calendar. The technique used is qualitative-historical, with the exploration of classical astronomical works, manuscripts, and contemporary literature, analyzed critically and hermeneutically to assess astronomical instruments’ methodological innovation and accuracy. The results of the study show that astronomical scientists such as al-Khwārizmī, al-Battānī, al-Bīrūnī, Naṣr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, Ibn Yūnus, and Ibn Shāṭir succeeded in developing the theory of spherical trigonometry, methods for measuring the sun’s shadow, and observation instruments such as astrolabes and mural quadrants, thus ensuring the accuracy of the direction of the Qibla in various Islamic regions. In the context of the Hijri calendar, their innovations resulted in more accurate astronomical calculations to determine the beginning of the month, reducing dependence solely on traditional rukyat and supporting state administration and navigation. In conclusion, the contribution of classical astronomy was not only practical in supporting ritual needs but also provided a methodological foundation for modern astronomy, emphasizing the importance of integration between empirical observation and mathematical theory in the development of Islamic science.
Astronomy; Qibla Direction; Hijri Calendar; Islamic Astronomy; Spherical Trigonometry
Copyright (c) 2025 Choirul Abdullah, Muhammad Falah, Taufiqurrahman & Mahfazul Alam bin Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Ibnu Rusyd: Warisan Intelektual, Pokok Ajaran Filsafat, dan Pengaruhnya dalam Khazanah Pemikiran Islam dan Barat
Ibn Rushd, or Averroes in the Western tradition, is one of the most influential figures in the history of Islamic and Western thought. The background to the emergence of Ibn Rushd's thought occurred during the golden age of Islamic civilization, when Greek philosophy was translated and re-examined in the context of Islam. In this atmosphere, Ibn Rushd emerged as a defender of rationality and efforts to harmonize revelation and reason. The purpose of this study is to examine Ibn Rushd’s intellectual legacy, formulate the main points of his philosophical teachings, and trace his influence on the treasures of Islamic and Western thought. This study uses a library research method with a historical-philosophical approach to examine Ibn Rushd's main works such as Tahafut al-Tahafut, Bidayat al-Mujtahid, and various commentaries on the works of Aristotle. The results of the study show that the main teachings of Ibn Rushd's philosophy are based on rational thinking and the defense of philosophy as part of the sharia, especially in interpreting religious texts using a common sense approach. He also emphasized the importance of logic as a tool for understanding reality. Ibn Rushd's influence is strongly felt in the tradition of rationalist Islamic thought, but more prominent in the West, especially in the scholastic and early Renaissance movements, through Latin thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas. The conclusion of this study states that Ibn Rushd is an important bridge between classical Islamic thought and modern Western philosophy, as well as a symbol of Islamic intellectualization that is open to dialogue between knowledge and faith.
Ibn Rushd; Islamic Philosophy; Rationalism; Averroism; Western Thought
Copyright (c) 2025 Rofiqi Akrima Suheri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hadith Perspective on the Welfare Rights of Informal Workers: Challenges and Opportunities in the Digital Economy Era
This research aims to analyze the hadith perspective regarding the welfare rights of informal workers, focusing on the challenges and opportunities faced in the digital economy era. Using analytical descriptive qualitative methods, this research explores hadith texts that talk about workers' rights, such as justice in wages, humane treatment, and social security, and connects them to the current conditions of informal workers. In the era of the digital economy, informal workers face challenges that include income instability, lack of access to social security, and labor exploitation. On the other hand, new opportunities emerge with digital platforms that enable informal workers to connect directly with global markets. This analysis was carried out by referring to several syarah books, classical hadith commentaries, and relevant contemporary literature. The results of this research show that the welfare values promoted by the hadith are still relevant in facing the challenges of informal workers in the digital era, and can be the basis for fairer and more humane regulations. Thus, this research suggests the need for a comprehensive approach in applying hadith principles to address modern challenges, while taking advantage of the opportunities offered by the digital economy.
Hadith; Worker Welfare; Informal Workers; Economy Digital; Workers’ Rights
Copyright (c) 2025 Khoirun Nisa Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hadis Tentang Dialog Antaragama: Membangun Jembatan Antara Komunitas Muslim dan Non-Muslim
This study aims to analyze and explore relevant hadiths in promoting interfaith dialogue, especially in building harmonious relations between Muslim and non-Muslim communities. By focusing on the aspects of tolerance, respect for other beliefs, and peaceful coexistence, this study examines the role of hadith as a guide in promoting constructive dialogue. The methodology used is a qualitative approach with a library research method, which involves an in-depth analysis of hadith books and the works of classical and contemporary scholars' interpretations related to social and interfaith interactions. The results of the study show that the Prophet Muhammad gave a real example in establishing good communication with non-Muslim communities, such as his interactions with Jews and Christians in Medina. Several hadiths emphasize the importance of respecting differences and rejecting violence, which are in line with the values ​​of pluralism. The conclusion of this study is that hadith can serve as a theological foundation for promoting interfaith dialogue, thus opening up opportunities for the creation of more inclusive and harmonious relations between Muslims and non-Muslims. This study makes an important contribution in the contemporary context, where global challenges related to religious conflicts increasingly require a dialogical approach based on Islamic teachings.
Hadith; Interfaith Dialogue; Muslim Community; Tolerance; Diversity
Copyright (c) 2025 Lil Sapnur Aspin Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Challenges in Implementing Smoking Prevention Efforts in Indonesia: An Analysis from a Hadith Perspective
In 1987, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared May 31 as World No Tobacco Day to address the tobacco epidemic and smoking-related deaths. In 2017, the WHO stated that the tobacco industry was a major contributor to the global pollution crisis, impacting the health and well-being of people worldwide. In line with WHO goals, the Indonesian Ministry of Health proposed several policies to reduce cigarette and nicotine addiction among the younger generation. However, the Indonesian government has not fully supported the Ministry of Health's proposed policies. This research uses qualitative methods with descriptive-analytical data analysis techniques. It examines hadiths with the theme of preventing harm in the al-Sittah pole to propose guidelines for resolving the dilemma of consistency in the smoking and nicotine prevention agenda in Indonesia. The study found that implementing a comprehensive smoking prevention agenda in Indonesia is necessary to ensure public health and environmental sustainability. In conclusion, policy implementation initiatives, such as revising Government Regulation Number 109/2012 to prevent the smoking culture in Indonesia, must be implemented in line with the demands for protecting mental well-being in maqāṣid al-Syariah (Objectives of Islamic Divine Law).
Challenges; Implementing Smoking; Indonesia; Hadith
Copyright (c) 2025 Sahlan Harahap https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hadith Controversy About Music (Study of Ibn Ḥazm and al-Mubārakfūrī’s Understanding)
Recently, scholars have been discussing a range of issues, including differences of opinion on the law concerning music consumption. This research aims to determine Ibn Ḥazm and al-Mubarakfuri's understanding of music through qualitative methods with descriptive-comparative data analysis techniques. The research findings indicate that Ibn Ḥazm challenges the hadith relied upon by scholars to prohibit music as weak, including those found in the works of al-Bukhārī. According to Ibn Ḥazm, the permissibility of music depends on whether it involves any immorality. On the other hand, al-Mubārakfūrī asserts that music is unequivocally forbidden, although he occasionally permits it under certain circumstances. It is important to note that the differences of opinion among scholars on this issue do not allow for personal preference based on the arguments of each side, as there is a hadith that nullifies one of the positions. In one case, Ibn Ḥazm’s assertion regarding a weak hadith was later confirmed to be authentic, as agreed upon by scholars. Al-Mubārakfūrī maintains that music and musical instruments are impermissible without exception, despite his occasional permission for them.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Hadith in Building Family Resilience Against the Threat of Abuse
Family resilience is a fundamental aspect of Islamic teachings, which view the family not only as a biological unit but also as a spiritual institution responsible for shaping morally strong individuals. However, in recent years, sexual abuse has increasingly threatened the integrity of families, even in environments that should be the safest. This study aims to explore the role of hadith as a source of values in preventing abuse and strengthening family resilience. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach with library research methods, this study analyzes classical and contemporary Islamic literature, particularly hadiths concerning family ethics, child protection, and social morality. The results indicate that hadiths offer ethical guidance for building harmonious family relationships, emphasizing compassion, respect, and responsibility. Prophet Muhammad SAW’s exemplary conduct towards his family is a model for parents in nurturing children’s character. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of implementing prophetic values in family education as a preventive measure against sexual abuse. Hadiths not only prohibit harm and promote respectful interaction but also teach parents to be active educators and protectors. In conclusion, hadiths serve as a moral framework that can fortify families against the challenges of modern society, especially moral degradation. Strengthening family resilience based on hadith is thus a strategic religious effort to build a safe, respectful, and dignified society.
Family Resilience; Hadith; Education; Abuse Prevention; Islamic Values